How Map Reduce On A Distributed Environment Readily And...

Abstract: This is a project to demonstrate how Map Reduce in a distributed environment readily and easily allows us to take several measurements that describe the empirical data and to answer several questions like, for example, stars that are like our sun, and how many Earth-like planets have been observed. This project has been done as part of the coursework for the course Distributed Computing. After applying the Map Reduce and Hadoop techniques to the planetary database, and to the star database, we realize that bringing a large dataset into a tidy and insightful categorization is made easy using Map Reduce. It also shows the power, and elegance of map-reduce in the realm of astronomy and the physical sciences. Introduction: Astronomy, is a fascinating area of the science where most of the information is unknown. We have been seeing stars since time immemorial. And most of us must have thought about, if living beings like on earth, present out of our universe. We know that there are stars, planets, galaxies like the ones where earth is part of. The immediate question that raises is whether there is any planet like earth, any star like sun. In recent times, there has been tremendous advancements in the study of space and the data that is received in some form, from the satellites is huge. There are new discoveries, new findings about the planets and stars that were unknown to the world. The satellites send data day by day and the research is going on in finding someShow MoreRelatedSoftware Defined Networks : Cloud Administrations1746 Words   |  7 Pagesplane and management plane. It focuses on the separation of control plane from the data plane. By separating the control logic out from the switch we are able to use a centralized controller that can view and control the network and routing. SDN gives us a more programmable and customize freedom to the network. 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Contemporary Accounting Issues Legitimation Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Accounting Issues for Legitimation Strategies. Answer: Introduction Development in the field of science and technologies influence the progress of human civilization. It helped in establishing industrial revolution, which is one of the most important events of human history. As the development of human civilization provides greater facilities to the persons, it also has an adverse effect on human civilization; it hampers the ecological balance of the atmosphere by excessive carbon emission as well as other greenhouse gas emission (Bhimani, 2006). Moreover, in this modern age, the issue is becoming an alarming issue, and it increases the concern of the most of the environmentalist of the world. The main reason of the increment of carbon and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is increasing the level of factories and automobiles, which improve the pollution level of the atmosphere so that it become a danger to the society and human civilization (Hassan, Wright and Struthers, 2013). In this context an organization has been formed with the name of Carbon Disclosure Project in the UK, the organization works with its shareholders along with the corporation to disclose the emission of greenhouse gas of the major firms, which is the primary cause of the climate changes and increasing public concern. Practical motivation Climate change is one of the main concerns of the environmentalist, and most of the factories and motor vehicle are the primary cause of the increment of carbon and other greenhouse gas emission in the environment. In this situation, it is necessary to identify the determinants of greenhouse emission and so that voluntary disclosure from the non-GHG registered firms is needed. The issues of climate changes as well as public concern over these particular problems due to climate changes have changed the environmental rules and regulation in recent days (Jones and Ratnatunga, 2012). These alterations focused on the decrement of GHG worldwide by implementing few important strategies such as carbon pricing. The practical motivation for undertaking the project is to recognize the source of voluntary disclosure of the firm about their carbon and greenhouse gas. The greenhouse gas emission is a critical issue of the modern civilization. Due to the incrementing factories and automobiles indus try the presence of the greenhouse gas has been increased in the atmosphere and that increase the concern among the people especially, the environmentalist honestly worried about the matter. In this context the Carbon Disclosure Project' a UK based company initiating to work to reveal the carbon and other greenhouse gas emission level of a company (Kopp, 2008). The practical motivation for working on this particular topic is that there is several research scholars are working on this specific matter, and it increase the interest among the people. Now the question is that these voluntary services provide actual information about the carbon emission of the company, or they provide false information to save the company from legal hazardous. Theoretical motivation The theoretical motivation of the research study is to find out the facets of voluntary disclosure and its role in the economy. The theories are utilized via the literature to provide the explanation about the voluntary disclosure, its determinant as well as the widespread resources of voluntary disclosure (Rankin, 2012). There are several different theories used to describe voluntary disclosure such as agency theories, signaling theory, capital need theory, along with legitimacy theory. The determinants of the voluntary disclosure are part of motivation along with constraint. At last, diverse source of voluntary information revelation is addressed and clarifying the reason of the most preferred information sources are the annual report of the companies. The present voluntary disclosure research can be segregated into three dominant pass financial voluntary disclosure, social voluntary disclosure as well as GHG voluntary disclosure (Sullivan, 2011). To establish itself as a corporate social responsible company, the company has to release the disclosures that provide additional advantages to the company and save from the legal hazardous. Literature review Article 1 With the evolution of carbon regulation and the pressure from the governments over the firms to reduce the rate of carbon emission, the stakeholders are bound to ask the firms to give detailed information about the practices of corporate climate change. This article by M. Eleftheriadis and Evgenia G. Anagnostopoulos has a big contribution in the international research that tries to understand and thereby establish the relation between environmental information disclosures and other additional firm factors (Eleftheriadis and Anagnostopoulou, 2015). To do this, an empirical analysis has been done on the relationship shared between the practices of corporate climate change disclosure of the firms mentioned in the Athens Stock Exchange with that of the different firm factors like that of size, profitability, activity sector, leverage, etc. Article 2 This particular article investigates the impact of carbon tax on the financial market return of the various firms present in Australia. With the different carbon profiles, the researchers have considered the differential tax effect on the individual firms. Factors like that of climate change policies, emission costs, and carbon disclosure have also been taken into account by them (Luo and Tang, 2013). The event study method has been utilized in this case to examine the market reaction to the seven key carbon legislative information events that have taken place within the period of February 2011 to November 2011. Article 3 Global warming is a reason for concern and this reason, the stakeholders all over the world have put agendas on climate change in different firms and also expect the firms to give relevant information about the green house gasses (GHG) (Depoers, Jeanjean and Jrme, 2014). In this article, the researchers have closely investigated the consistency of the information about GHG that has been voluntarily given by the French listed firms. Article 4 The main purpose of this article is to examine the way in which corporate environmental performance influences both the level of detail of the information about environmental issues disclosed by a firm and the type of information that is being revealed by the firm. The researchers have based their study on the content analysis of 533 firms of China (Meng XH, 2016). As per the results, it was found that both the poor performers and good performers disclose more information than the median or mixed performers. This thereby gives concrete empirical evidence to show that a nonlinear relationship exists between the corporate environmental performance of a firm and the information that is being disclosed by it. Soft information is mainly disclosed by poor performers while the good performers tend to disclose more solid information. Article 5 The researchers of this article have examined the roles played by the result and process dimensions of environmental performance to determine the financial performance of a firm or organization that can be measured by Tobin's q. Outcomes are referred to as the impacts that the firm has on the natural environment, and the processes are the steps or actions taken by the firm to reduce the level of the outcomes (Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de, 2016). The particular outcome on which the researchers have concentrated on this article is that of carbon emission. It has been suggested that the carbon emissions influences or affects Tobin's q in a non-linear manner. It has been observed that the highest financial performance achieved by a firm is not when its carbon performance is very high or very low, but only when it is an intermediate state. Article 6 The main aim or purpose of this particular article is to how the way in which two organizations behaves while disclosing nonfinancial information. The environmental, social and governance issues are getting priority for which this information need to be shared with the stakeholders. Article 7 Corporate responsibility of a firm mainly revolves around climate change and carbon footprints as they are the most important concerns of the society. The main aim of this particular article is to find out whether the different Australian companies have endeavored to adjust their carbon footprint related disclosures. It is needed to be determined whether the disclosure given by the firms tend to be more reflective of symbolism or that of the apparent behavior (Carbon footprints and legitimation strategies: symbolism or action?: Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal: Vol 25, No 1, 2016). This has helped the researchers in understanding whether the disclosures are dominated by the pragmatic or moral legitimation approaches. Author Date Title Journal Type of Paper If empirical, Sample 100 word summary of contribution to the research question Ella Mae Matsumura, Rachna Prakash, Sandra C. Vera-Munoz October 2013 Firm-Value Effects of Carbon Emissions and Carbon Disclosures American Accounting Association Research Paper Hand collected carbon emission data between 2006 to 2008 were used which were by 500 firms. The results showed that market takes a penalty from all the firms due to carbon emission, and a more amount of penalty is levied on those firms that do not disclose information about carbon emission. Janice Lorraine Hollindale June 2012 Voluntary disclosure of GHG emission information by Australian Companies Research Paper 1776 companies have been studied in the year 2007, and 1853 have been examined in 2009. The results show that though the disclosure of voluntary greenhouse gas emission improves the condition and performance of some companies yet this cannot be stated as a generalized statement for all. Elizabeth Stanny 8th May 2012 Voluntary Disclosures of Emissions by US Firms Business Strategy and the Environment. Article Three exposure studies 500 US firms answering the questionnaire, disclosing discharge and also disclosing accounting methodology for emissions from 2006 to 2008. The results show that most of the firms give minimum information to avoid scrutiny. Logical Argument The key argument in the entire undertaken article are basically the global environmental issues created by the corporate by emitting carbon and other green house gases and its impact on the stakeholders and thereby the disagreement raises that the argument is sufficient to investigate the problems faced by the stakeholders. This becomes the logical argumentative issues that consist of inadequate government policies and the Acts. The entire articles, which are presented here to produce a logical argument about the undertaken, subject that whether the government policies and respective Act are enough to control the carbon and green house gas emission or not. Furthermore, it is also evaluate that the disclosure of carbon and green house gas emission by the corporate are followed strictly or not. Is the government rules are enough to enforce the corporate to disclose the accurate measurement of carbon emission and other green house gas emission by the company. The business activities of the company cause to the emission of green house gases and the governments fix the permissible measurement of carbon, other green house gas emission, and the companies are obligated to produce a disclosure about their carbon and other green house gas emission. However, most of the companies try to avoid the Government rule on this matter and provide inappropriate information to the government. Research question Are the government policies and Acts adequate to force the firms to disclose their environmental impacts such as carbon and other greenhouse gasses emission? Underlying theories As per the articles, the theory i.e. covered in the articles is the stakeholders theory which provides the information about the amount of the emissions taking place from the stakeholders point of view. As per the perspectives of the stakeholders theory, it provides the information that the amount of the GHG is seemed to be higher in CDP than CR. These theories are mentioned in all the articles as per their particular perspectives. The theories that are depicted in the above articles also deal with the emission of the green house gases, thereby it provides the information with the improvement in the steps, and thereby the perspectives for providing justification for the theories became successful. With focusing on the article Voluntary disclosure of GHG emission information by Australian Companies, the changes are not seen with bringing changes in the emission system followed by the companies in Australia. Henceforth the underlying theories depicts the reforms of the perspectives wit h considering the stakeholders and henceforth all the articles depicts the stakeholders theory. Variables Dependent Variable The dependent variable is the variable than an individual wish to predict, estimate and what is affected while executing the experiment and things that is affected in the experiment. It is the respond to an independent variable such as the effect of carbon emission on climate changes. Climate change is the dependent variable. The increase in the carbon emission level will affect the environmental balances and leads to climatic changes. The change in the climate is dependent variable as because increase or decrease in the emission level of carbon led to the change in climate. Therefore, depended variable is the one that depends on other factors. Independent Variable Independent variable is the variable that can be changed and one can control the variables. For an example, carbon emission is the independent variable, and increase in pollution level is the dependent variable. The increase or decrease in the carbon emission level lead to the increase or decrease in pollution level within the atmosphere. Emission of carbon level is independent variable which led to increase or decrease in the level of pollution. Therefore, independent variable is the one that does not change by the effect of other variables. Hypothesis The hypothesis of the research is; H1: The volume of carbon emission shows a negative relation with the market value of the equity share of the company. H2: Disclosure of the carbon and other green house gas management practice via the responses to the carbon disclosure practice questionnaire has positive relation with the market value of the equity. H3: There are significant relations between the carbon management disclosures and the market value equity. The value of equity is higher in case of the volume of carbon emission is lower; whereas value of equity is lower on case of the volume of carbon emission is higher. References Bhimani, A. (2006).Contemporary issues in management accounting. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carbon footprints and legitimation strategies: symbolism or action?: Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal: Vol 25, No 1. (2016). Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal. [online] Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09513571211191798 [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Depoers, F., Jeanjean, T. and Jrme, T. (2014). Voluntary Disclosure of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Contrasting the Carbon Disclosure Project and Corporate Reports. Journal of Business Ethics, [online] 134(3), pp.445-461. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-014-2432-0 [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Eleftheriadis, I. and Anagnostopoulou, E. (2015). The relationship between Corporate Climate Change Disclosures and Firm Factors. Business Strategy and the Environment, [online] 24(8), pp.780-789. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.1845/full [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Hassan, A., Wright, A. and Struthers, J. (2013). Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) scores and the level of disclosure on climate change related activities: an empirical investigation of the FTSE 100 companies.IJSE, 5(1), p.36. Jones, S. and Ratnatunga, J. (2012).Contemporary issues in sustainability accounting, assurance and reporting. Bingley [England]: Emerald Insight. Kopp, M. (2008). Das Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP).uwf UmweltWirtschaftsForum, 16(2), pp.101-104. Luo, L. and Tang, Q. (2013). Carbon Tax, Corporate Carbon Profile and Financial Return. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237197523_Carbon_Tax_Corporate_Carbon_Profile_and_Financial_Return [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Meng XH, e. (2016). The relationship between corporate environmental performance and environmental disclosure: an empirical study in China. - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113230 [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. (2016). Unraveling the effects of environmental outcomes and processes on financial performance: A non-linear approach - Munich Personal RePEc Archive. [online] Available at: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60359/ [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Rankin, M. (2012).Contemporary issues in accounting. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd. Sullivan, R. (2011).Valuing corporate responsibility. Scheffield [England]: Greenleaf Pub.

Truth vs Grimke free essay sample

Grimke and Sojourner Truth, were both very outspoken women, both abolitionists, and, both fighting for equality among men and woman. Although both women had very similar purpose their background was clearly different. Grimke was raised by slaveholders and Sojourner was a free slave. Grimke was an educator and Sojourner had no formal education. Grimke was an American political activist, abolitionist, womens rights advocate, and supporter of the womens suffrage movement. While she was raised a southerner, she spent her entire adult life, by choice, living in the north. She was an active member of the Presbyterian Church. A proponent of biblical study and interfaith education, she taught a Sabbath school class and also provided religious services to her family’s slaves. Grimke became a close friend of the pastor of her church, Rev. William McDowell. McDowell was a northerner who had previously been the pastor of a Presbyterian church in New Jersey. We will write a custom essay sample on Truth vs Grimke or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Grimke and McDowell were both very opposed to the institution of slavery on the grounds that it was a morally deficient system that violated Christian law. An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South (1836) was written in the hopes that Southern women would not be able to resist an appeal made by one of their own. The essay is unique because it is the only written appeal made by a Southern woman to other Southern women regarding the abolition of slavery. Grimke’s Appeal was widely distributed by the American Anti-Slavery Society, and was received with great acclaim by radical abolitionists. However, it was also received with great criticism by her former Quaker community, and was publicly burned in South Carolina. The Appeal makes seven main arguments: First, that slavery is contrary to the Declaration of Independence; second, that slavery is contrary to the first charter of human rights bestowed upon man in the Bible; third, that the argument that slavery was prophesized gives no excuse to slaveholders for encroaching on another man’s natural rights; fourth, that slavery was never supposed to exist under patriarchal dispensation; fifth, that slavery never existed under Hebrew Biblical law; sixth, that slavery in America â€Å"reduces man to a thing† ; and lastly, that slavery is contrary to the teachings of Jesus and his apostles. Grimke also states, in a reply letter to Catharine E. Beecher, what she believes to be the abolitionists’ definition of slavery: â€Å"Man cannot rightfully hold his fellow man as property. Therefore, we affirm that every slaveholder is a man-stealer†¦ To steal a man is to rob him of himself. † She reiterates well-known principles from the Declaration of Independence regarding the equality of man. Grimke argues that â€Å"a man is a man, and as a man he has inalienable rights, among which is the right to personal liberty†¦ No circumstances can ever justify a man in holding his fellow man as property†¦ The claim to him as property is an annihilation of his rights to himself, which is the foundation upon which all his other rights are built. † Truth was one of the ten or twelve children born to James and Elizabeth Baumfree. James Baumfree was an African captured from Ghana. Elizabeth Baumfree, was the daughter of enslaved Africans from the Coast of Guinea. The Baumfree families were enslaved by Colonel Hardenbergh. The Hardenbergh estate was in a area called Swartekill in the town of Esopus, New York, 95 miles north of New York City. After the colonels death, ownership of the family slaves passed to his son, Charles Hardenbergh. After the death of Charles Hardenbergh in 1806, Truth, known as Belle, was sold at an auction. She was about nine years old and was included with a flock of sheep for $100 to John Neely, near Kingston, New York. Until she was sold, Truth spoke only Dutch. She suffered many hardships at the hands of Neely, whom she later described as cruel and harsh and who once beat her with a bundle of rods. Truth said Neely beat her daily. Neely sold her in 1808, for $105, to Schryver, a tavern keeper, who owned her for eighteen months. Schryver sold her in 1810, for $175, to John Dumont of West Park, New York. Although this fourth owner was kindly disposed toward her, his wife found numerous ways to harass Truth and make her life more difficult. Around 1815, Truth met and fell in love with a slave named Robert from a neighboring farm. Roberts owner (Catlin) forbade the relationship; he did not want his slave to have children with a slave he did not own, because he would not own the children. Robert was savagely beaten and Truth never saw him again. Later, he died from the injuries. In 1817, Truth was forced by Dumont to marry an older slave named Thomas. She had five children: Diana (1815), fathered by Robert; and Thomas who died shortly after birth; Peter (1821); Elizabeth (1825); and Sophia (ca. 1826), fathered by Thomas.e state of New York began, in 1799, to legislate the abolition of slavery, although the process of emancipating New York slaves was not complete until July 4, 1827. Dumont had promised to grant Truth her freedom a year before the state emancipation, if she would do well and be faithful. However, he changed his mind, claiming a hand injury had made her less productive. She was infuriated but continued working, spinning 100 pounds of wool, to satisfy her sense of obligation to him. Late in 1826, Truth escaped to freedom with her infant daughter, Sophia. She had to leave her other children behind because they were not legally freed in the emancipation order until they had served as bound servants into their twenties She later said: â€Å"I didn’t walk off , for I thought that be wicked I , but I walked off believing that to be alright. † She found her way to the home of Isaac and Maria Van Wagener, who took her and her baby in. Isaac offered to buy her services for the remainder of the year (until the states emancipation took effect), which Dumont accepted for $20. She lived there until the New York State Emancipation Act was approved a year later. On June 1, 1843, Truth changed her name to Sojourner Truth She became a Methodist, and began traveling and preaching about the abolition of slavery. In 1844, she joined the Northampton Association of Education and Industry in Northampton, Massachusetts. Founded by abolitionists, the organization supported womens rights and religious tolerance . In May 1851, Truth delivered her famous speech on womens rights, later known as Aint I a Woman In this piece, Truth starts by saying two of the primary issues of the day: the abolitionist movement in the South and the growing unrest of women in the North. Transitioning to the general treatment of women in the day: white women are treated as fair creatures and receive assistance from men. She states that she does work that would be the equivalent of a man but she does not get the treatment different than man even though she does things that men can’t do, such as giving birth to 13 children. The reason given for women to be treated differently from men is that that Jesus Christ was a man. Truth points out that the only way that Christ came into existence was through a woman. She also mentions that Eve was powerful enough to change the world by eating the apple. If one woman could â€Å"turn the world upside down all alone† than women as a collective should â€Å"be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! † We have woman who not only have a voice but women who me the voice.. We have women judges, lawyer, teachers, and preachers. So as we can see Grimke and Truths struggle was not in vain Men do respect women a lot more these days and we owe all thanks to Sojourner Truth and Angelina Grimke, the women who said there was no stopping until justice was done. not only have a voice but women who me the voice.. We have women judges, lawyer, teachers, and preachers.. So as we can see Grimke and Truths struggle was not in vain Men do respect women a lot more these days and we owe all thanks to Sojourner Truth and Sarah Gdmke, the women who said there was no stopping until justice was done. not only have a voice but women who me the voice.. We have women judges, lawyer, teachers, and preachers.. So as we can see Grimke and Truths struggle was not in vain Men do respect women a lot more these days and we owe all thanks to Sojourner Truth and Sarah Gdmke, the women who said there was no stopping until justice was done.

Chinese-Americans and the Transcontinental Railroad

Chinese-Americans and the Transcontinental Railroad The Transcontinental Railroad was a dream of a country set on the concept of Manifest Destiny. In 1869, the dream was made a reality at Promontory Point, Utah with the connection of two railway lines. The Union Pacific began construction of their rail in Omaha, Nebraska working toward the west. The Central Pacific began in Sacramento, California working toward the East. The Transcontinental Railroad was a vision of a country but was put into practice by the Big Four: Collis P. Huntington, Charles Cocker, Leland Stanford, and Mark Hopkins. Benefits of the Transcontinental Railroad The benefits of this railroad were enormous for the country and the businesses involved. The railroad companies received between 16,000 and 48,000 per mile of track in land grants and subsidies. The nation gained a quick passage from east to west. A trek that used to take four to six months could be accomplished in six days. However, this great American accomplishment could not have been achieved without the extraordinary effort of Chinese-Americans. The Central Pacific realized the enormous task ahead of them in the construction of the railroad. They had to cross the Sierra Mountains with an incline of 7,000 feet over only a 100-mile span. The only solution to the daunting task was a great deal of manpower, which quickly turned out to be in short supply. Chinese-Americans and the Building of the Railroad   The Central Pacific turned to the Chinese-American community as a source of labor. In the beginning, many questioned the ability of these men that averaged 4 10 and only weighed 120 lbs. to do the work necessary. However, their hard work and abilities quickly allayed any fears. In fact, at the time of completion, the vast majority of workers from the Central Pacific were Chinese. The Chinese worked under grueling and treacherous conditions for less money than their white counterparts. In fact, while the white workers were given their monthly salary (about $35) and food and shelter, the Chinese immigrants received only their salary (about $26-35). They had to provide their own food and tents. The railroad workers blasted and scraped their way through the Sierra Mountains at great risk to their lives. They used dynamite and hand tools while hanging over the sides of cliffs and mountains. Unfortunately, the blasting was not the only detriment they had to overcome. The workers had to endure the extreme cold of the mountain and then the extreme heat of the desert. These men deserve a great deal of credit for accomplishing a task many believed impossible. They were recognized at the end of the arduous task with the honor of laying the last rail. However, this small token of esteem paled in comparison to the accomplishment and the future ills they were about to receive. Prejudice Increased After the Completion of the Railroad There had always been a great deal of prejudice towards the Chinese-Americans but after the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, it only became worse. This prejudice came to a crescendo in the form of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which suspended immigration for ten years. Over the next decade, it was passed again and eventually, the Act was renewed indefinitely in 1902, thus suspending Chinese immigration. Furthermore, California enacted numerous discriminatory laws including special taxes and segregation. Praise for the Chinese-Americans is long overdue. The government over the last couple of decades is beginning to recognize the significant achievements of this important segment of the American population. These Chinese-Americans railroad workers helped to fulfill the dream of a nation and were integral in the improvement of America. Their skill and perseverance deserve to be recognized as an accomplishment that changed a nation.

Poverty in canadian society Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Poverty in canadian society - Term Paper Example There is another traditional poverty measure criteria based on basic needs poverty measure, recommended by Fraser Institute. As per this measure poverty has reduced greatly in the past 60 years, as reported 4.9% in 2004 (Wikipedia para 2). Indicators of poverty have changed with the changing times. In comparison to middle class Europeans, the â€Å"poor† America possess larger homes; more than 70% have a car; about 20% have more than one transport medium; about 60% poor have two or more television sets. The traditional definition of poor denoting those who have deficiency of food, shelter, and clothing holds minimum authenticity, therefore, requires redefining (Bauman 6). Before considering poverty in relative terms we need to find the parameters to compare, what are the standards, global or the highest known standards in Canada and Europe, as examples from third world could be the worst on absolute poverty (Segal 7). Milton Freedman, one the great post-war Nobel Prize winning conservative economists put the case this way: â€Å"The programme should be designed to help people as people not as members of particular occupational groups or age groups or wage-rate groups or labour organizations or industries† (Segal 18). ... Canada could not meet the poverty targets set by the United Nations in 1996, the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty, as reported by the National Council of Welfare. Since1990s such figures have been presented that indicate a rise in the number of poor people in Canada. Even at the height of economic boom, rate of downfall in poverty was slow. There is no unanimous opinion on it, as all depends on how we define and measure poverty. Some indicators to the rise in poverty include peoples’ increasing dependence on food banks and emergency shelters. Between 1989 and 2000 the use of food banks had increased by 96%. At a boom period of 1997-2000, the food bank use increased by 9.4%. Housing has become a big issue for poor people. Canadian youth are the leading community in the matter of homelessness but when it comes to measuring poverty, computations on poverty lines are not unanimous (deGroot-Maggetti 1-3). So far as poverty lines are concerned, in Canada there is no dearth of poverty measures. The federal government has a number of poverty indicating measures. Besides, the social councils, organizations, and independent researchers have evolved their own measures. Yet provincial social help rates offer another set of poverty lines. Absolute measures stress on basic human needs while relative measures point towards the insufficiency of standards socially accepted above poverty line (deGroot-Maggetti 3). Due to different measuring standards of poverty, the term has become somewhat ambiguous. A further research into the causes of poverty in Canada can help in making the meaning clear. Many factors are responsible for poverty although there is difference in a â€Å"factor† and a â€Å"cause†. A â€Å"cause† adds to the emerging of an issue such as poverty

The Global Financial Crisis has as its basis a failure of regulation Coursework

The Global Financial Crisis has as its basis a failure of regulation. A Critical Discussion - Coursework Example The Global financial Crisis first began in USA’s sub-prime mortgage market and this gradually resulted in a global economic recession of a huge magnitude. In this mortgage market, the financial institutions issued sub-prime mortgage loans to householders. In most cases, these borrowers had unstable incomes and failed to fulfill the basic criteria of credit worthiness. The borrowers mostly kept their respective properties as mortgage and the loans were issued to them against the value of this collateral security. During that time, there was an upswing in the property market and the financial institutions could easily realize the value of this collateral asset by a forced sale. Therefore, the lenders considered the property market a safe place and did not hesitate to issue loans against the property assets kept as collateral security. A regime of low interest rate was prevalent at that time and the mortgage loans were issued at this floating interest rate. As a result, the borrowers had to repay a small amount of the loan every month. However, the U.S Federal Reserve Bank increased the lending rate of interest in the country. During 2004-2006, the lending interest rate in USA’s housing market recorded a sharp rise. Following this, the borrowing householders had to repay a higher installment of the loan to the financial institutions each month.... They tried to improve their financial situation in this way.2 In the property market, the supply of property exceeded the demand by a large amount, resulting in a huge decrease in the prices of the properties. Now, there were institutions in Europe, Asia and even Africa who had invested in the U.S market. The property assets which were given as collateral security in exchange of the loans issued in the USA were held by these institutional investors across the world. This was made possible by a complicated method of securitization resting on strategies of globalization. Thus, the repayments of the loans made by monthly installments by the borrowers were actually delivered to these institutional investors around the globe. Once the borrowers started defaulting, the monthly repayment of the loans stopped reaching the institutional investors. This resulted in huge losses for the institutions. Banks in the U.S.A and Europe defaulted; various stock indexes declined considerably, the market value of equities and commodities plummeted and there were la rge scale job losses resulting in unemployment in the economy. This financial crisis continued to spread to several countries of the world.3 4 The global financial crisis of 2008 had four features that were common with the other crises of the world: the increase in the assets prices that did not prove to be sustainable, upsurges in credit that resulted in increasing of debt burdens, the accumulation of marginal loans and the build up of systemic risk and the failure of regulation to control the crisis. It was seen that in the crisis, the regulatory regime had proved to be insufficient. In the developed countries, finance companies,

Managing Waste Products from Dairy Factories in Greece Dissertation

Managing Waste Products from Dairy Factories in Greece - Dissertation Example Nutrients and proteins can also be extracted from wastewater for various business purposes. The question is what technology is effective in the treatment of dairy wastewater. Wastewater management, which includes treatment, is part of an effective environmental management system (EMS) which dairy factories should implement immediately at the start of the operation. In countries such as Greece, EMS implementation is not uncommon. This is so because, in the countryside where wastewater usually flows to rivers and adjoining bodies of water, wastewater has to be treated first before it has to be discharged. Environmental impact created by businesses, organizations and dairy factories has to be minimized in order to deliver sustainability for the next generation. An Environmental Management System is a way of addressing the impact on the environment by issuing guidance to organizations, businesses, and governments which maintain or regulate establishments that produce wastewater. An EMS a nswers the environmental compliance regulations and other relevant activities for environmental best practice. An EMS aims for sustainable development in the community, and minimize waste and hazardous materials. It is a set of rules and requirements that set up a policy for environmental promotion and can be effectively implemented through the guidelines set by ISO 14001. The International Standards Organization states that businesses should implement an EMS which carries out its environmental objectives in accordance with the legal and other significant requirements of the organization and the laws of the land. Wastewater treatment, to include reuse and recycle, is a best practice in line with ISO compliance. (Edwards, 2004) There are a number of methodologies in wastewater treatment that have been implemented by the dairy industry, but some problems in the methods have to be identified. This paper, therefore, will provide an in-depth analysis of some of the methods and technologi es available, along with a business model that can be created out of these methods. 1.1 Objectives The objectives of this paper are: 1.1.1 To analyse how Greek dairy factories, conduct wastewater treatment and reduce wastewater generation that leads to minimization of effluent-treatment costs, and how to extract proteins and nutrients from wastewater; 1.1.2 To analyse the business side of the treated wastewater, taking into consideration the business model that can be created from the nutrients and proteins extracted and separated from the wastewater; 1.1.3 To provide an in-depth analysis of the methods and technologies available so that clear recommendations can be provided. 2. Literature Review There has to be a holistic view of the various ways of waste production, including collection and treatment and subsequent disposal of wastewater. The treatment to be implemented would depend on what type of wastewater is produced by the dairy factory or pond. Wastewater comes from milk, bu tter, yogurt, ice cream and other varieties which may be composed of desserts. Initial planning of wastewater treatment plant includes the following aspects: 1.) The various data and information gathered from the field surveys should be put together, inputted into a database, and carefully studied; 2.) What type of wastewater collection and system will be implemented?